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On the first week of Sept 2007, I visited the mystery lake of Roopkund and Zorawar gali (5350 m) in Uttarakhand, India.
It was a moderate trek at high altitude over a well defined stone paved route. The weather during the 52 km to and fro trek was nice. Roopkund and Zorawar gali photos |
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Red Fort (Lal Qila) : The sandstone walls of the Red Fort (Rs 11, Monday closed) extend for 2 km and vary in height from 18 m on the river side to 33 m on the city side. Shah Jahan began construction of the massive fort in 1638 and it was completed in 1648. Shah Jahan never completely moved his capital from Agra to his new city of Shahjahanabad in Delhi because he was deposed and imprisoned in Agra fort by his son Aurangazeb.
The Red Fort dates from the very peak of Mughal power. The Mughal reign from Delhi was a short one, however, Aurangazeb was the first and last great Mughal emperor to rule from here. The Yamuna river used to flow right by the eastern edge of the fort, and once filled the 10 m deep moat. Tickets are available at Lahore Gate entrance. |
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Lahore Gate : It is the gate of the fort which faces towards Lahore, now in Pakistan. Inside the fort on will see a vaulted arcade known as Chatta Chowk (Covered Bazaar). The arcade of shops once sold items that the royal household might fancy - silks, jewellery and gold.
The arcade leads to the Naubat Khana, or Drum house, where musicians used to play for the emperor. There is an Indian war memorial museum upstairs (Rs 2). The open courtyard beyond the drum house formerly had galleries along either side, but these were removed by the British army when the fort was used as it's headquarters. Other reminders of the British presence are the monumentally ugly, three storey barrack blocks that are situated to the north of this courtyard. |
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Diwan I Am : The Hall of Public audiences was where the emperor would sit to hear complaints or disputes from his subjects. His alcove in the wall was marble paneled and set with precious stones, many of which were looted following the 1857 Uprising. This elegant hall was restored following a directive by Lord Curzon, the viceroy of India between 1898 and 1905.
Diwan I Khas : The Hall of Private audiences, constructed of white marble, was the luxurious chamber where the emperor would hold private meetings. The centrepiece (Until Nadir Shah carted it off to Iran in 1739) was the magnificent solid gold and jewel studded peacock throne. In 1760 the Marathas also removed the silver ceiling from the hall, so today it's a pale shadow of its former glory. |
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Royal baths : Next to Diwan I Khas are the hammams (baths) - three large rooms surmounted by domes, with a fountain in the centre - one of which was set up as a sauna. The floors were once inlaid with pietra dura (marble inlay work), and the rooms were illuminated through panels of coloured glass in the roof.
Shahi Burj : This modest, three storey, octagonal, tower located at the north eastern edge of the fort was once Shah Jahan's private working area. From here, water used to flow south through the Royal baths, the Diwan i Khas, the Khas Mahal and on to the Rang Mahal. Moti Masjid : Built in 1659 by Aurangazeb for his own personal use and security, the small and totally enclosed Pearl mosque, made of marble, is next to the baths. One curious feature of this mosque is that its outer walls are oriented exactly in symmetry with the rest of the fort, while the inner walls are slightly askew, so that the mosque has the correct orientation with Mecca. |
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Gardens : Between these buildings were highly formal Charbaghs (garden divided into quarters), complete with fountains, pools and small pavilions. While the general outline and some pavilions are still in place, the gardens are not what they once were.
The Khas Mahal, south of Diwan I Khas, was the emperor's private palace, divided into rooms for worship, sleeping and living. The Rang Mahal, the palace of colour, further south again, took its name from its painted interior, which is now gone. This was once the residence of the emperor's chief wife, and is where he ate. On the floor in the centre there's an exquisitely carved marble lotus, and the water flowing along the channel from the Shahi Burj is used to end up here. Relics of the Mughal era are displayed at the Museum of Archaeology (admission Rs 2) in the Mumtaz Mahal, still further south along the eastern wall. A sound and light show is at 1930 h daily is organised in the fort at Rs 50 (one hour show). |
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India Gate is at the eastern end of Rajpath (Kingsway), while the western end is Rashtrapati Bhavan (President's house), which is flanked by the two secretarate buildings (North block & South block). These three buildings sit upon a small rise, known as Raisina hill.
India Gate, a 42 m high stone memorial arch, bears the names of around 90 000 Indian army soldiers who died in WWI, the northeast frontier operations of the same time and the 1919 Afghan fiasco. The building at the end of Sansad Marg is Sansad Bhavan (Parliament House). The building is a circular, colonnaded structure 171 m in diameter. |
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