Science For You

Science For You is the 1000 th topic at General discussion.

Share your science knowledge and doubts on this thread.

Electron

The electron is a fundamental subatomic particle that carries a negative electric charge. It is a spin ½ lepton that participates in electromagnetic interactions, and its mass is approximately 1 / 1836 of that of the proton. Together with atomic nuclei, which consist of protons and neutrons, electrons make up atoms. Their interaction with adjacent nuclei is the main cause of chemical bonding.

The discovery that the electron was a subatomic particle was made in 1897 by J.J. Thomson at the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University, while he was studying cathode ray tubes. A cathode ray tube is a sealed glass cylinder in which two electrodes are separated by a vacuum. When a voltage is applied across the electrodes, cathode rays are generated, causing the tube to glow. Through experimentation, Thomson discovered that the negative charge could not be separated from the rays (by the application of magnetism), and that the rays could be deflected by an electric field. He concluded that these rays, rather than being waves, were composed of negatively charged particles he called "corpuscles". He measured their mass-to-charge ratio and found it to be over a thousand times smaller than that of a hydrogen ion, suggesting that they were either very highly charged or very small in mass.

Electrons have an electric charge of −1.602 × 10−19 C, a mass of 9.11 × 10−31 kg based on charge/mass measurements equivalent to a rest mass of about 0.511 MeV/c². The mass of the electron is approximately 1/1836 of the mass of the proton. The common electron symbol is e−. The electron is thought to be stable on theoretical grounds; the lowest known experimental upper bound for its mean lifetime is 4.6×1026 years.

Robot

A robot is an electro-mechanical system which can move around, operate a mechanical arm, sense and manipulate their environment, and exhibit intelligent behavior, especially behavior which mimics humans or animals. The word robot can refer to both physical robots and virtual software agents, but the latter are usually referred to as bots.

The first digitally operated and programmable robot, the Unimate, was installed in 1961 to lift hot pieces of metal from a die casting machine and stack them. Today, commercial and industrial robots are in widespread use performing jobs more cheaply or with greater accuracy and reliability than humans. They are also employed for jobs which are too dirty, dangerous or dull to be suitable for humans. Robots are widely used in manufacturing, assembly and packing, transport, earth and space exploration, surgery, weaponry, laboratory research, and mass production of consumer and industrial goods.

A typical robot will have several or possibly all of the following properties.

* It is artificially created.
* It can sense its environment, and manipulate or interact with things in it.
* It is programmable.
* It moves with one or more axes of rotation or translation.
* It makes dexterous coordinated movements.
* It moves without direct human intervention.
* It appears to have intent or agency.
* It has some ability to make choices based on the environment, often using automatic control or a pre-programmed sequence.

History

Many ancient mythologies include artificial people, such as the mechanical servants built by the Greek god Hephaestus (Vulcan to the Romans), the clay golems of Jewish legend and clay giants of Norse legend, and Galatea, the mythical statue of Pygmalion that came to life.

In the 4th century BC, the Greek mathematician Archytas of Tarentum postulated a mechanical steam-operated bird he called "The Pigeon". Hero of Alexandria (10–70 AD) created numerous user-configurable automated devices, and described machines powered by air pressure, steam and water. Su Song built a clock tower in China in 1088 featuring mechanical figurines that chimed the hours.

Al-Jazari (1136–1206), a Muslim inventor during the Artuqid dynasty, designed and constructed a number of automated machines, including kitchen appliances, musical automata powered by water, and the first programmable humanoid robots in 1206. The robots appeared as four musicians on a boat in a lake, entertaining guests at royal drinking parties. His mechanism had a programmable drum machine with pegs (cams) that bumped into little levers that operated percussion instruments. The drummer could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns by moving the pegs to different locations.

The first truly modern robot, digitally operated and programmable, was invented by George Devol in 1954 and was ultimately called the Unimate. Devol sold the first Unimate to General Motors in 1960, and it was installed in 1961 in a plant in Trenton, New Jersey to lift hot pieces of metal from a die casting machine and stack them.

There were more than one million robots in operation worldwide in the first half of 2008, with roughly half in Asia, 32% in Europe, 16% in North America, 1% in Australasia and 1% in Africa.

Dangers and fears

Fears and concerns about robots have been repeatedly expressed in a wide range of books and films. A common theme is the development of a master race of conscious and highly intelligent robots, motivated to take over or destroy the human race.

(See The Terminator, Runaway, Bladerunner, Robocop, the Replicators in Stargate, the Cylons in BattleStar Galactica, The Matrix, and I, Robot). Some fictional robots are programmed to kill and destroy; others gain superhuman intelligence and abilities by upgrading their own software and hardware. Another common theme is the reaction, sometimes called the "uncanny valley", of unease and even revulsion at the sight of robots that mimic humans too closely. Frankenstein (181, often called the first science fiction novel, has become synonymous with the theme of a robot or monster advancing beyond its creator.

Manuel De Landa has noted that "smart missiles" and autonomous bombs equipped with artificial perception can be considered robots, and they make some of their decisions autonomously. He believes this represents an important and dangerous trend in which humans are handing over important decisions to machines.

Marauding robots may have entertainment value, but unsafe use of robots constitutes an actual danger. A heavy industrial robot with powerful actuators and unpredictably complex behavior can cause harm, for instance by stepping on a human's foot or falling on a human. Most industrial robots operate inside a security fence which separates them from human workers, but not all. The first fatality involving a robot was Robert Williams, who was struck by a robotic arm at a casting plant in Flat Rock, Michigan on January 25, 1979. The second was 37 year-old Kenji Urada, a Japanese factory worker, in 1981. Urada was performing routine maintenance on the robot, but neglected to shut it down properly, and was accidentally pushed into a grinding machine.

Robots

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Science Quiz

Name the insect which carries the parasite that causes sleeping sickness.
Tsetse Fly

What are the larvae of house-flies called ?
Maggots

What is the name given to the resin produced by lac insect ?
Shellac

Which animal forms connecting link between Annelid and Arthropoda ?
Peripatus

What are the larvae of butterflies called ?
Caterpillar

What do you call a segment of tape worm ?
Proglottids

What is the function of flame cells ?
Excretion

In Zoology, what kind of animals are called Apivorous ?
Bee-eating animals

What is the name of the larva of sqilla ?
Alima

What is the host of Taenia Saginata ?
Cow and Buffalo

What is the common name of Dentalium?
Tusk shell

Name the anticoagulant present in leech.
Hirudin

Name an animal that contains chlorophyll.
Euglena

What is the name of insect which is commonly found in our houses behind pictures on walls and amidst books causing damage to them ?
Ctenolepisma species

Which animal is commonly called as Devil fish ?
Octopus

What is the biological name of praying mantis ?
Mantis religiosa

What is the common name of sepia ?
Cuttle fish

Which sea animal is considered as a link between the vertebrates and invertebrates ?
Amphioxus

Flying fish are fish, but flying foxes are not foxes. What kind of creatures are they?
Bats

Which order of mammals reproduce eggs but suckle their young ?
Monotremes

What is the branch of Zoology dealing with whales called ?
Cetology

What is the fat of whale called ?
Blubber

Cypselurus are called flying fishes. What are syngnathus called ?
Pipe Fishes

What are the cold blooded vertebrates that live both on land and in water called ?
Amphibian

Which bird has no wings at all ?
Kiwi

Name a reptitle which can change the color of its skin.
Chameleon

What is the name of an extinct bird which shares the characters of both reptiles and aves ?
Archaeopteryx

Which reptiles are called 'limbless lizard' ?
Snakes

Which animal is called 'ship of desert' ?
Camel

What name is given to a camel with two humps ?
A Bactrian

What is the common name of pterapus ?
Flying fox

What is the zoological term of leopard ?
Panthera pardus

Name the largest animal in the world ?
Blue whale

Name fish which is called as sea-horse.
Hippo campus

What is the zoological name of cat ?
Felis dometicus

What is the biological name of Indian Cobra ?
Naja Naja

Name the process by which plants prepare their food.
Photosynthesis

What are seedeels plants called ?
Cryptogams

Name the instrument used to measure root pressure.
Manometer

Provide the technical term form the cultivation of fruit trees.
Arboriculture

What is the other name of root cap ?
Calyptra

What is the term used for the occurrence of more than one type of morphologically different leaves on the same plant ?
Heterophylly

In which country the hormone gibberellin was discovered ?
Japan

The edible part of turnip and carrot plants are nothing but roots. Which part of celery and rhubarb plants are consumed ?
Stem

Name the natural process involving loss of water from a plant in the form of liquid drops ?
Guttation

What is the colour of carotin ?
Yellow

What is the technical name of the natural opening in leaves meant for gaseous exchange ?
Stomata

Name the organell where photosynthesis takes place.
Chloroplast

What is the shape of chloroplast in spirogyra ?
Ribbon shaped

What is the other name for Nyctinasty movement ?
Sleep movement

Which plant has the life-span 4000 years ?
Gnetum
What is the most common nutritive tissue for the developing embryos in angisperm known as ?
Endosperm
What is the name of the fruit body of polyporus ?
Basidiocarp
Plants that grow in water are called hydrophytes. What name is given to plants that grow in desert conditions ?
Xerophytes
What is the common name of Agaricus ?
Mushroom
Name the fungus which causes 'Athlet's foot ringworm in man.
Tinea pedis
Who coined the 'Vitamin' ?
Funk in 1912
How many ATP molecules are formed at the end of aerobic respiration ?
38 ATP
Name a mineral and a vitamin whose defiency can cause the disease 'Aniaemia.
Iron and Vitamin B12
What is the chief enzyme that acts on emulsified fat ?
Lipase

What is instrument used to measure the amount of air exchanged during breathing ?
Spirometer
Which vitamin can be synthesised in sunlight in our body ?
Vitamin D
Which organ is called blood bank of the body ?
Spleen
In which organ the bile juice is stored ?
Gall bladder
What is the pigment responsible for the pale yellow colour of the urine ?
Urochrome
What is the term used for a common vision defect that arise at a later stage of about 40 to 45 years?
Presbyopia
What is the structural and function unit of kidney ?
Nephron
Name the carbohydrate that is not digested by the human being.
Cellulose
What is the name of the acid formed during the transport of Carbon-di-oxide ?
Carbonic acid

What is the end product of digestion of proteins ?
Amino acids
Which are the only veins that carry the oxygenated blood ?
Pulmonary veins
Name the mineral essential for synthesis of thyroid hormone ?
Iodine
Name the fatty substance which deposits in the blood arteries of a person suffering from obesity ?
Cholesterol
What is the common name of Larynx ?
Voice box
Pituitary, adrenal and thymus are called endocrine glands. What are liver and salivary glands called ?
Exocrine glands
Where is fat stored in our body ?
Adipose tissue
Ammoniotelic animals excrete ammonia, Ureotelic animals excrete urea. What are excreted by Urecotelic animals ?
Uric acid
Which enzyme acts on starch ?
Amylase
Which is the largest gland in the human body ?
Liver

What is the name of the pigment which helps animal to see in dim light ?
Rhodopsin
What is the term used when animals remain dormant during summer ?
Aestivation
Which mineral is essential to synthesise a respiratory pigment haemoglobin ?
Iron
What is the expansion of ATP ?
Adenosine tri-phosphate
Which group of blood is called universal donor ?
'O' group
What are the various enzymes secreted in the stomach ?
Pepsin and Renin
Which food is the richest in calcium ?
Milk
What is the total number of bones in the human body ?
206
What lubricates the "white of the eye" ?
Lachrymal gland
What is the name of the artery in the wrist, in which doctors feel the pulse usually ?
Radial artery
Why there is a sudden flexion of the leg when blotting paper soaked in a weak acid is placed on the leg of a pitched and suspended frog ?
Due to Flexion reflex

watson and crick liked to play around with LSD and while they were figuring out how DNA worked they had LSD trips where they saw double helix's, not too long after that they discovered that DNA is in the shape of a double helix

Which group of blood is called universal recipient ?
'AB'group
Who discovered Rh factor ?
Landsteiner
Name the protein responsible for blood clotting ?
Fibrinogen
Name the vitamin absent in milk ?
Vitamin 'C'
Name the smallest bone in the human body ?
Stapes or Stirrup bone
What is the chemical name of vitamin B2 ?
Riboflavin
The ventricular systole produces the sound lubb. What is the sound produced by ventricular diastole ?
Dup
What is the name of the pigment present in RBC ?
Haemoglobin
What are the three primary colours differentiated by the animal with the help of pigments in cones ?
Red, Blue and Green
120/80mm Hg is the normal blood pressure of a man. What is the normal pulse pressure ?
40 mm Hg
Name the vitamin present in Citrus fruits ?
Vitamin 'C'

What is the total lung capacity of air ?
5000 to 6000 ml in adult males
What is the name of taste receptors ?
Gustatory receptors
What is the life-span of Red Blood Corpuscles ?
120 days
What is the term to be used when WBC of blood engulf foreign bacteria and other disease causing organisms ?
Phagocytosis
Which vitamin is called phylloquinone ?
Vitamin 'K'
What is the name of the hormone secreted by 'islet of langerhans?'
Insulin
Sensory nerves are called afferent nerves. What are motor nerves called ?
Efferent nerves
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in man ?
31 pairs
How many ribs are there in human body ?
Twelve on each side

Which cells produce antibodies againest invading antigens ?
White Blood Corpuscles
What is the normal beat of man ?
70-72 times per minute
Which type of WBC has big nucleus ?
Lymphocyte
What is the name of the blood pigment present in prawns ?
Haemocyanin
What is the unit of muscule fibre ?
Sarcomere
What is the weight of adult human heart ?
220-260 g
Name the artery which supplies blood to the heart ?
Cornary artery
What are the two types of proteins rich in muscle fibre ?
Actin and myocin
How many cranial nerves are there in human body ?
12 pairs
Who is called as 'Father of Taxonomy' ?
Linnaeus

Who wrote the book 'Origin of species ?
Charles Darwin
What is the brain size of mordern average man ?
1600 CC
Which Zoogeographical realms is called 'The museum of the world' ?
Australian region
Who proposed the term 'species' ?
John Ray in 17th Century
Who propsed 'Germplasm' theory ?
August Weismann
Name the vestigeal organ in human body which often gets infected and leads to appendicitis.
Vermiform appendix
Which era in Geological time scale is called as 'Age of Mammals ?
Cenozoic era
Who proposed bio-genetic law ?
Haeckel
What is the stock of ancestors from which man, monkeys and apes have evolved ?
Anthropoid mammals
What is the name of modern horse according to evolution ?
Equus

What is the total lung capacity of air ?
5000 to 6000 ml in adult males
What is the name of taste receptors ?
Gustatory receptors
What is the life-span of Red Blood Corpuscles ?
120 days
What is the term to be used when WBC of blood engulf foreign bacteria and other disease causing organisms ?
Phagocytosis
Which vitamin is called phylloquinone ?
Vitamin 'K'
What is the name of the hormone secreted by 'islet of langerhans?'
Insulin
Sensory nerves are called afferent nerves. What are motor nerves called ?
Efferent nerves
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in man ?
31 pairs
How many ribs are there in human body ?
Twelve on each side

Which cells produce antibodies againest invading antigens ?
White Blood Corpuscles
What is the normal beat of man ?
70-72 times per minute
Which type of WBC has big nucleus ?
Lymphocyte
What is the name of the blood pigment present in prawns ?
Haemocyanin
What is the unit of muscule fibre ?
Sarcomere
What is the weight of adult human heart ?
220-260 g
Name the artery which supplies blood to the heart ?
Cornary artery
What are the two types of proteins rich in muscle fibre ?
Actin and myocin
How many cranial nerves are there in human body ?
12 pairs
Who is called as 'Father of Taxonomy' ?
Linnaeus

Who wrote the book 'Origin of species ?
Charles Darwin
What is the brain size of mordern average man ?
1600 cc
Which Zoogeographical realms is called 'The museum of the world' ?
Australian region
Who proposed the term 'species' ?
John Ray in 17th Century
Who propsed 'Germplasm' theory ?
August Weismann
Name the vestigeal organ in human body which often gets infected and leads to appendicitis ?
Vermiform appendix
Which era in Geological time scale is called as 'Age of Mammals ?
Cenozoic era
Who proposed bio-genetic law ?
Haeckel
What is the stock of ancestors from which man, monkeys and apes have evolved ?
Anthropoid mammals
What is the name of modern horse according to evolution ?
Equus

Name the period which is called as as 'Age of fishes'?
Devonian
What is the yellow cake ?
Uranium oxide
Who proposed the theory of Biogenesis ?
Louis Pasteur
What is the earliest known fossil of the horse ?
Eohippus
What is the term used to refer the floor of the sea ?
Benthic region
Who coined the word 'Ecosystems ?
A.G.Tansley in 1935
What is the adaptation of fish made to offer minimum resistance to the current of water ?
Stream lined body
What is pedology ?
The study of soil
Name the biome which is characterised by complete absence of trees ?
Tundra
What is the term used to indicate the death rate of individuals in a given area ?
Mortality

What is the name of an apparatus in which a low temperature can be maintained ?
Cryoton
Who coined the term 'Diapause' ?
Wheeler in 1893
What is the term used for the manifestation of the species at certain specific times of the year ?
Phenology
What is the common name for a film of oil on water ?
Oil slick
What is the term used for the migration of individuals from outside into a specific area ?
Immigration
Which is the largest hot desert ?
Sahara desert
What is the method of growing same crop year after year in a soil called ?
Monoculture
What is BOD ?
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Name the instrument used to measure blood pressure ?
Sphygmomanometer
Who introduced the sterilization of surgical instruments in hospitals ?
Joseph Lister

now printing machine to develop human organs.....its true .....developed in japan that machine will try to prepare organs of human body using cells in place of ink.

Moon : Earth's only planet, the neighbor

The average distance from the Earth to the Moon is 384,399 km, which is about 30 times the diameter of the Earth. The Moon is about one-third the size of the Earth and has a diameter of 3,474 km. It is the fifth largest moon in the Solar System behind Ganymede, Titan, Callisto and Io. The Moon makes one complete orbit about the Earth every 27.3 days, and the
periodic variations in the geometry of the Earth-Moon-Sun system are responsible for the lunar phases that repeat every 29.5 days. The gravitational attraction of the Moon is responsible for the tides on Earth.

The Moon is the only celestial body on which human beings have orbited and landed. The first man-made object to escape Earth's gravity and pass near the Moon was the Soviet Union's Luna 1, the first man-made object to impact the lunar surface was Luna 2, and the first photographs of the normally occluded far side of the Moon were made by Luna 3, all in 1959. The first spacecraft to perform a successful lunar soft landing was Luna 9 and the first unmanned vehicle to orbit the Moon was Luna 10, both in 1966. The United States' Apollo program achieved the first (and only) manned missions to the Moon, culminating in 6 landings between 1969 and 1972.

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The Apollo 11 mission was the first manned mission to land on the Moon. It was the fifth human spaceflight of Project Apollo and the third human voyage to the Moon. It was also the second all-veteran crew in manned spaceflight history. Launched on July 16, 1969, it carried Commander Neil Alden Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins and Lunar Module Pilot Edwin Eugene 'Buzz' Aldrin, Jr. On July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin became the first humans to land on the Moon, while Collins orbited above.

The mission fulfilled President John F. Kennedy's goal of reaching the moon by the end of the 1960s, which he expressed during a speech given on September 12, 1962 at Rice University Stadium in Houston, Texas.

India's first Moon mission : Chandrayan-1 (unmanned lunar mission)

Government of India approved ISRO's proposal (Indian Space Research Organisation) for Chandrayaan-1 in November 2003. Chardrayaan is meant to probe the physical characteristics of the lunar surface in greater depth than previous missions by other nations. The main objective of the mission is to carry out high resolution mapping of topographic features in 3D, distribution of various minerals and elemental chemical species including radioactive nuclides covering the entire lunar surface using a set of remote sensing payloads. The new set of data would help in unravelling mysteries about the origin and evolution of solar system in general and that of the moon in particular.

Specific areas of study

* High resolution mineralogical and chemical imaging of permanently shadowed north and south polar regions
* Search for surface or sub-surface water-ice on the moon, specially at lunar pole
* Identification of chemical end members of lunar high land rocks
* Chemical stratigraphy of lunar crust by remote sensing of central upland of large lunar craters, South Pole Aitken Region (SPAR) etc., where interior material may be expected
* To map the height variation of the lunar surface features along the satellite track
* Observation of X-ray spectrum greater than 10 keV and stereographic coverage of most of the moon's surface with 5 m resolution, to provide new insights in understanding the moon's origin and evolution

Chardrayaan-1 is the first Indian Mission to the Moon devoted to high-resolution remote sensing of the lunar surface features in visible, near infrared, X-ray and low energy gamma ray regions. This will be accomplished using several payloads already selected for the mission.

On 22 Oct 2008, India become a member of the Moon club of USA, Russia, Japan, China and European Space Agency. The Moon mission costs Rs Rs 400 Crores.

Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) at Sriharikota

It was originally called Sriharikota Range (SHAR) and renamed to its present name in 2002 after the death of ISRO's former chairman Satish Dhawan. The centre become operational with the launching of three Rohini rockets in October 1971. The SHAR facility now consists of two launch pads, with the second built recently. The second launch pad was used for launches beginning in 2005 and is a universal launch pad, accommodating all of the launch vehicles used by ISRO. The two launch pads will allow multiple launches in a single year, which was not possible earlier.

The 44.4 m high 316 ton (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle) PSLV C11 four stage Solid-liquid propellent rocket was fired from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) at Sriharikota in Andhra Pradesh on 22 Oct 2008 at 0622 h IST(80 km north of Chennai). The rocket achieved a speed of more than 7.2 km/s (Orbital Velocity) with the help of powerful strapon motors. The strapon motors used 12 ton of solid propellent and within 18 minutes all the four stages were used up and detatched.

Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) built its Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) in the early 90s. The 45 m tall PSLV with a lift-off mass of 295 tonne, had its maiden success on October 15, 1994 when it launched India's IRS-P2 remote sensing satellite into a Polar Sun Synchronous Orbit (SSO) of 820 km.

Between 1996 and 2005, it has launched six more Indian Remote Sensing satellites as well as HAMSAT, a micro satellite built by ISRO for amateur radio communications into polar SSOs, one Indian meteorological satellite into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO).

PSLV has also launched four satellites from abroad (TUBSAT and DLR-Bird from Germany, Proba from Belgium and KITSAT from Republic of Korea) as piggyback payloads into polar SSOs. PSLV has emerged as ISRO's workhorse launch vehicle and proved its reliability and versatility by scoring eight consecutive successes between 1994-2005 periods in launching multiple payloads to both SSO as well as GTO.

On January 10, 2007, the PSLV-C7 carried four satellites - the 680 kg Indian remote sensing satellite CARTOSAT-2, the 550 kg Space Capsule Recovery Equipment (SRE-1), Indonesia's LAPAN-TUBSAT (60 kg) and Argentina's 6 kg nanosatellite called NANO PEHUENSAT-1 into orbit.

Considering the maturity of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) demonstrated through PSLV-C4/KALPANA-1 mission, PSLV is chosen for the first lunar mission. The upgraded version of PSLV viz., PSLV-XL which has a liftoff weight of 316 tonnes, will be used to inject 1304 kg mass spacecraft at 240 x 24,000 km orbit and the corresponding spacecraft mass is 590 kg when the target lunar orbit of 100 km is achieved.

Orbit 1 : The Moon probe (11 instruments weighing 1380 kg) was placed in an oblate orbit of earth after covering 400,000 km. In the orbit, the Moon probe will come 255 km closer to earth and the farthest distance will be 22,860 km.

Orbit 2 : By firing small rockets, the orbit will be changed. The Moon probe's farthest distance from earth will be increased to 22,860 km.

Orbit 3 : By firing 440 Newton liquid engine rockets for 18 minutes, the orbit is changed (24 Oct 08). The Moon probe's farthest distance from earth (apogie) will be increased to 37,900 km. The period of rotation of the Moon probe in orbit is 11 hours.

Orbit 4 : The Moon probe's farthest distance from earth will be increased to 73,000 km.

Orbit 5 : The Moon probe's farthest distance from earth will be increased to 387,000 km.

Orbit 6 : By firing small rockets, the orbit will be changed. Now the Moon probe will revolve around Moon. In the first Moon's orbit with an apogie of 5000 km.

Orbit 6 : In the second Moon's orbit with an apogie (farthest distance) of 5000 km and a perigee of 100 km (closest distance).

Orbit 7 : Finally the Moon probe will move in an oblate orbit having an apogie of 100 km. This orbit will be achieved on 8 Nov.

Spacecraft specifications

* Cuboid in shape of approximately 1.5 m side.
* Weighing 1304 kg at launch and 590 kg at lunar orbit.
* Accommodates eleven science payloads.
* 3-axis stabilized spacecraft using two star sensors, gyros and four reaction wheels.
* The power generation would be through a canted single-sided solar array to provide required power during all phases of the mission. This deployable solar array consisting of a single panel generates 700 W of peak power. Solar array along with yoke would be stowed on the south deck of the spacecraft in the launch phase. During eclipse spacecraft will be powered by Lithium ion (Li-Ion) batteries.
* After deployment the solar panel plane is canted by 30 degree to the spacecraft pitch axis.
* The spacecraft employs a X-band, 0.7 m diameter parabolic antenna for payload data transmission. The antenna employs a dual gimbal mechanism to track the earth station when the spacecraft is in lunar orbit.
* The spacecraft uses a bipropellant integrated propulsion system to reach lunar orbit as well as orbit and attitude maintenance while orbiting the moon.
* The propulsion system carries required propellant for a mission life of 2 years, with adequate margin.
* The Telemetry, Tracking & Command (TTC) communication is in S-band frequency.
* The scientific payload data transmission is in X-band frequency.
* The spacecraft has three Solid State Recorders (SSRs) on board to record data from various payloads. SSR-1 will store science payload data and has capability of storing 32 Gb data. SSR-2 will store science payload data along with spacecraft attitude information (gyro and star sensor), satellite house keeping and other auxiliary data. The storing capacity of SSR-2 is 8 Gb. M3 (Moon Mineralogy Mapper) payload has an independent SSR with 10 Gb capacity.

National tricolour will be dropped in Moon via Moon Impact grobe on 14 November. The mission is to detect the presence of He-3 and water at Moon's surface. The instruments dropped will transmit the data collected to the Moon's satellite and then the earth. Chandrayan-1 has a life of 2 years.

Chandrayan-2 will be having a Moon Lander and a Rover planned to launch in 2011-12. The rover would move on wheels on the lunar surface, pick up samples of soil or rocks, do a chemical analysis and send the data to the spacecraft orbiting above. Russia's Federal Space Agency (Roskosmos) is joining with ISRO for development of Chandrayaan-2 Lander/Rover. The rover will weigh between 30 kg and 100 kg, depending on whether it is to do a semi-hard landing or soft landing. The rover will have an operating life-span of a month. It will run predominantly on solar power. The Moon mission will costs Rs 12,000 Crore.

In the final stage of the mission, India is planning to land humans on Moon.

Name the causal organism of Tuberculosis ?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
What is the common name for 'septicaemia' ?
Blood poisoning
Who discovered the vaccine for small pox ?
Edward Jenner
What is the common name for Carcinoma ?
Cancer
Who invented the 'stethoscope' ?
Dr. Rene Laennec
Who discovered pencillin ?
Alexander Flemming
What is the normal body temperature in human beings ?
98.4 F
What is Otology ?
Study of ear diseases
Who discovered the bacterium which causes 'anthrax' ?
Robert Koch
Expand the word BCG ?
Bacillus Calmette Guerin

Which disease is known as Lock jaw ?
Tetanus
What is ECG ?
Electro Cardiogram
Which bacterium causes cholera ?
Vibrio Cholerae
Who is called as 'Father of Genetics ?
Gregor Mendal
Name the substance which acts as a "shock absorber" in the embryo ?
Amniotic fluid
Who first discovered 'cells'?
Robert Hooke
Who discovered the Nucleic acid ?
Miescher in 1868
Mention a function where in all the types of RNA are involved in a cell ?
Protein synthesis
Who coined the the word "protoplasm" ?
Purkinje in 1839
Name the most common bacteria used for scientific research ?
Escherichia coli

What is the 'fruitfly' used for research in genetics called ?
Drosophila
Name the cells in which golgi apparatus is absent.
Mammalian RBC
Who observed bacteria first ?
Leeuwen Hock in 1723
What is the term used for the study of bones ?
Osteology
Name the bacteria which turns milk into curd.
Lactobacillus
Who proposed cell theory ?
Schleiden and Schwann
How many chromosomes are present in man ?
23 pairs
What is the name of the whale found in Ganges ?
Platanista gangeticus
Who is called as father of Modern Biology ?
Aristotle
The sexual periodicity in the female is known as the period of heart or oestrus. what is term applied for the sexual periodicity in male ?
Rutting season

Which nerve carries messages from the eye to the brain ?
Optic nerve
Which particular bat sucks the blood of horses, dogs and other warm blooded animals ?
Vampyrus spectrum
What is the scientific name for the toe bones ?
Phalanges
Which particular animal gives birth to four offspring always ?
Tatusia novemcincta
Name the pigment which determines the skin color in man.
Melanin
Which is smallest flowering plant ?
Wolffia
Which is the heaviest plant ?
Giant sequoia
Which is the largest flower in the world ?
Raffleisa
Which is the biggest plant seed ?
Coco-de-mer
The process by which plants lose water as water vapour into the atmosphere is called ?
Transpiration

Seed-bearing plants are known as ?
Angiosperms
The chief role of flower in the life of a plant is ?
To attract insects for pollination
Plant movement to external stimuli is called
Tactic
Fungi are plants lacking
Chlorophyll
Which trees has its name in Sanskrit meaning without sorrow ?
Ashoka
Plants which are attached to soil are known as
Lithophytes
Art of shaping plants is known as
Topiary
Which tree is known as 'Indian red wood tree ?
Dalbergia
Name the tree whose wood is used to make cricket bats ?
Willow
Which is the largest tree in the world ?
Giant Sequoia

Name the region where Chimpanzees are found ?
Africa
Which is the slowest moving mammal ?
Three toed sloth
The region where Rhea is found ?
South America
Which flying bird keeps its mouth open while flying so that they could catch flying insects ?
Nightjar
The science of studying birds is called
Ornithology
Which is the smallest bird ?
The humming bird
Which bird has a melodious flute-like call ?
Orile
Which bird has a musical whistling call ?
Lora
Which bird has holds the record for the longest migration ?
Arctic Tern
Which creature can look in two directions simultaneously ?
Chameleon