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11. Spoofing - It is the act of disguising one computer to electronically “look” like another computer, in order to gain access to a system that would be normally is restricted. Spoofing was used to access valuable information stored in a computer belonging to security expert Tsutomu Shimomura.

12. Credit Card Fraud - In U.S.A. half a billion dollars have been lost annually by consumers who have credit cards and calling card numbers. These are stolen from on-line databases.

13. Web Jacking - The term refers to forceful taking of control of a web site by cracking the password.

14. Cyber terrorism - The use of computer resources to intimidate or coerce government, the civilian population or any segment thereof in furtherance of political or social objectives is called cyber terrorism. Individuals and groups quite often try to exploit anonymous character of the internet to threaten governments and terrorize the citizens of the country.

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The Information Technology Act 2000 (India)

1. Tampering with any computer source code used for a computer, computer programme, computer system or computer network, is punishable with imprisonment up to three years, or with fine which may extend up to two lakh rupees, or with both. "Computer source code" means the listing of programmes, computer commands, design and layout and programme analysis of computer resource in any form. (Sec 65)

2. Hacking with computer system is to be punished with imprisonment up to three years, or with fine which may extend up to five lakh rupees, or with both (Sec 66).

3. Sending offensive or false information through computer or a communicative device is punishable
with imprisonment up to three years and with fine (Sec 66a).

4. Receiving or retaining stolen computer resource or communication device is an offence punishable
with imprisonment up to three years and fine up to one lakh or with both (Sec 66b).

The same punishment is prescribed for fraudulent use of electronic signature, password etc. of any other person (Sec 66c) and for cheating using computer, cell phone etc (Sec 66d).

5. Capturing Transmitting or publishing the image of a private area of any person without consent is punishable with imprisonment up to three years and with fine up to two lakhs or with both (Sec 66e)

6 Punishment for Cyber terrorism may extend to imprisonment for life (Sec 66f)

7. Publishing transmitting information which is obscene in electronic form shall be punished on first conviction with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to three years and with fine which may extend to five lakh rupees and in the event of a second or subsequent conviction with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to five years and also with fine which may extend to ten lakh rupees ( Sec 67).

8. Publication and transmission of containing sexually explicit act or conduct is to be punished with imprisonment up to five years and fine up to ten lakh rupees and for second or subsequent conviction with imprisonment for a term up to seven years and fine up to ten lakh rupees (Sec 67a).

The same punishment is prescribed for child pornography (Sec 67b).

9. Penalty for Misrepresentation Whoever makes any misrepresentation to, or suppresses any material fact from, the Controller or the Certifying Authority for obtaining any license or Digital Signature Certificate, as the case may be. Shall be punished with imprisonment for a term, which may extend to two years, or with fine which may extend to one lakh rupees, or with both (Sec 71).

10. Penalty for Breach of Confidentiality and Privacy Any person who has secured access to any electronic record, book, register, correspondence, information, document or other material without the consent of the person concerned discloses such electronic record, book. register, correspondence, information, document or other material to any other person shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine which may extend to one lakh rupees, or with both ( Sec 72).

11. Punishment for disclosure of information in breach of contract is imprisonment for a term up to three years or with fine up to five lakh rupees or with both ( Sec 72a).

12. Punishment for publishing Digital Signature Certificate false in certain particulars.

(1) No person shall publish a Digital Signature Certificate or otherwise make it available to any other person

with the knowledge that

(a) the Certifying Authority listed in the certificate has not issued it; or
(b) the subscriber listed in the certificate has not accepted it; or
(c) the certificate has been revoked or suspended, Violation of the above provision is punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine which may extend to one lakh rupees, or with both(Sec 73).