Jainism arose in the 6 th century BC as a reaction against the caste restraints and rituals of Hinduism. It was founded by Mahavira, a contemporary of Buddha.

Jains believe that liberation can be attained by achieving complete purity of the soul. Purity means shedding all 'karman', matter generated by one's actions that binds itself to the soul. By following various austerities (eg fasting and meditation) one can shed 'karman' and purify the soul. Right conduct is essential, and fundamental to this is 'ahimsa' (nonciolence) in thought and deed to any living thing.