Pentium IV, 1.7 GHz has L1 & L2 cache (0.6 ns) and RDRAM 2.5 ns at 800 MHz when the motherboard is at 400 MHz. Pentium uses CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) chips. P2/3 chips were made of SEC (Single edge contact).

Socket 370 has 370 pins for P3/ Celeron chip. Socket 603 has 603 pins for Xeon chip(P4). Chip is connected to auto VRM (Voltage Regulator Module). When one is inserting Chip on a socket by force, it can damage the motherboard hairline tracks. New chips use Zero insertion force sockets. CPU power consumption is reduced by reducing the out put
voltage from 5 V to 1.6/3.3 V.

Main motherboard destroyers are screw driver, heat sink & chips. To avoid the scratching of motherboard use a thin plastic sheet while closing the heat sink clip. Active heat sinks have fans for cooling. 12 V fan connector can be connected to motherboard sockets. When attaching a passive heat sink to processor, apply thermal transfer grease on processor for good heat transfer.

Processor 486 onwards have builtin floating pointing units. In software the Version changes, while in hardware 'steppings' happens.

Windows 95, 88 & ME are 32 bit Operating Systems, while Windows XP is 64 bit for the Itanium processor.