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Hashish is a preparation of cannabis composed of the compressed trichomes collected from the cannabis plant. It contains the same active ingredients but in higher concentrations than other parts of the plant such as the buds or the leaves.

Psychoactive effects vary between types of hashish but are usually the same as those of other cannabis preparations such as marijuana. Hash is prohibited to the same extent as all other forms of cannabis.

Hashish is often a solid or paste-like substance of varying hardness and pliability, and will soften under heat. Its color can vary from green, black, reddish brown, or most commonly light to dark brown. In Afghanistan there is a method of making hash that resembles charas. First, cannabis resin is placed on a large heated mortar, then the resin is threshed with a heavy object. The result is a very gooey, sticky black hash.

It is consumed in much the same way as cannabis buds, used by itself in a billy with tobacco,or a miniature smoking pipes, vaporized, hot knifed, smoked in a bong or bubbler, or smoked in joints mixed with tobacco, cannabis buds or other herbs.

It can also be eaten alone (pure hash is described as having a spicy or peppery flavor) as well as used as an ingredient in food (baked into cookies or cakes, or added to stews and chocolate). Sale of hashish is illegal in most parts of the world; it has been decriminalized to some extent in a few countries, such as the Netherlands.

Hashish may have originated in Northern India which also has a very long social tradition in the production of Hashish which is locally known as Charas. Cannabis sativa subsp. indica cultivated particularly in Kerala, Rajasthan and the Himalayas in India - farms of Manali, Naggar and Upper Himachal Pradesh.

Hashish is traditionally produced in desert conditions. It is traditionally found in a belt extending from North Africa, Egypt to North India and into Central Asia. The primary hash-producing countries are Morocco, Afghanistan, Nepal, Lebanon, India and Egypt.

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The opium poppy was cultivated in lower Mesopotamia as long ago as 3400 BC. Heroin is produced for the black market by refining opium and the biggest producer being Afghanistan (87 % of the world's heroin). It is grown in Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos and Yunnan province in the People's Republic of China. Heroin was first synthesized in 1874 by C. R. Alder Wright, an English chemist working at St. Mary's Hospital Medical School in London, England.

Heroin is a semi-synthetic opioid,synthesized from morphine, a derivative of the opium poppy. It is the 3,6-diacetyl ester of morphine. The white crystalline form is commonly the hydrochloride saltdiacetylmorphine hydrochloride, however heroin freebase may also appear as a white powder. As with other opiates, heroin is used both as a pain-killer and a recreational drug. Frequent administration quickly leads to tolerance and dependence and has a very high potential for addiction.

If sustained use of heroin for as little as three days is stopped abruptly, withdrawal symptoms can appear. The withdrawal syndrome from heroin may begin within 6 to 24 hours of discontinuation of the drug; however, this time frame can fluctuate with the degree of tolerance as well as the amount of the last consumed dose.

One of the most common methods of heroin use is via intravenous injection (colloquially termed "shooting up"). When taken orally, heroin undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism via deacetylation, making it a prodrug for the systemic delivery of morphine.

Heroin is used as a recreational drug for the profound relaxation and intense euphoria it produces, although the latter effect diminishes with increased tolerance. Its popularity with recreational drug users, compared to morphine. Large doses of heroin can cause fatal respiratory depression, and the drug has been used for suicide or as a murder weapon.

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Legal warning : Heroin

It is illegal to manufacture, possess, or sell heroin in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, the United States, Australia, Canada, Ireland, United Kingdom and Swaziland. However, under the name diamorphine, heroin is a legal prescription drug in the United Kingdom. In the Netherlands, heroin is available for prescription as the generic drug diacetylmorphine to long-term heroin addicts. Popular street names for heroin include black tar, smack, junk, skag, horse, dope, chiva, "H", "Boy", and others.

In the United States, heroin is a schedule I drug according to the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, making it illegal to possess without a DEA license. Possession of more than 100 gram of heroin or a mixture containing heroin is punishable with a minimum mandatory sentence of 5 years of imprisonment in a federal prison.

Conviction for trafficking in heroin carries the death penalty in most South-east Asia and some East Asia and Middle Eastern countries, among which Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand are the most strict.