Do You Know ?

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AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML. It's a development technique that mixes (X)HTML, JavaScript, CSS, DOM, XML and XSLT to create interactive Web applications.Apache is one of the the world's most widely used Web servers. Originally developed in 1995 by a group that was to go on to become the The Apache Group, the Apache HTTP Server is Open Source Software, and considered by proponents to be fast, scalable and secure.

Active Server Pages - Microsoft's IIS based server side scripting architecture. ASP is a gateway for scripting languages such as VBScript and JScript.

Cache, pronounced "cash", refers to a stored copy of (or pointers to) previously accessed data in fast SRAM memory.

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Cascading Style Sheets for a set of formatting rules interpreted by the Web browser (or other client) that may contain the styling and formatting information intended for the presentation of a Web page. The W3C recommends the use of CSS to help keep Web content (HTML/XHTML) separate from its formatting information.

A Domain Name Server (DNS) is a distributed network of servers where host names are translated to their IP addresses.

IP address is the unique numeric identifier of every computer connected to the Internet. Each IP address consists of a four number pattern separated by periods (XX.XX.XX.XX). Each number must be between 0 - 255.

Localhost is an alias for the address 127.0.0.1, an address that always indicates the local computer.

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Search Engine Optimisation refers to the process of optimising a Web site so that it appears prominently in search engine results for specific keywords.

Server-side code is executed on the web server with the finished result usually sent to the end user. Server-side code is commonly written in PHP, ASP, JSP, Cold Fusion, or Perl.

Server Side Include - a file spliced into a Web document on the Web server. May be performed by the Web server itself, or commonly by a server side script such as Perl, ASP, ColdFusion or PHP.

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Shortcuts

[Window] - Open or close start menu
[Window]+D - View Desktop (+ means press both keys simultaneously)
[Window]+M - Minimise
[Window]+E - Open My Computer
[Window]+F - Search for file or folder
[Window]+ Pause - View system properties
[Alt][Tab] - Switch over active programs
[Shift][Delete] - Permanent delete of a selected file or folder
[F1] - Help
[F2] - Rename selected file or folder
[F3] - Search for file or folder
[F5] - Refresh active window
[Alt][F4] - Closes a window

Windows Explorer

[End] - View the bottom of the active window
[Home] - View the up of the active window
[Ctrl]+N - Open new window

Windows Run command

Add/Remove - wix.cpl
Add hardware wizard - hdwwiz.cpl
Calculator - calc
Checkdisk - chkdsk
Disk defragment - dfrg.msc
Disk partition manager - diskpart
Registry editor - regedit

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Cyber crime means any criminal activity in which a computer or network is the source, tool or target or place of crime. The Cambridge English Dictionary defines cyber crimes as crimes committed with the use of computers or relating to computers, especially through internet.

Crimes involving use of information or usage of electronic means in furtherance of crime are covered under the scope of cyber crime. Cyber Crimes may be committed against persons, property and government. The common types of cyber crimes may be discussed under the following heads.

1. Hacking - A hacker is an unauthorized user who attempts to or gains access to an information system. Hacking is a crime even if there is no visible damage to the system, since it is an invasion in to the privacy of data. There are different classes of Hackers.

a) White Hat Hackers - They believe that information sharing is good, and that it is their duty to share their expertise by facilitating access to information. However there are some white hat hackers who are just “joy riding" on computer systems.

b) Black Hat Hackers - They cause damage after intrusion. They may steal or modify data or insert viruses or worms which damage the system. They are also called ‘crackers’.

c) Grey Hat Hackers - Typically ethical but occasionally violates hacker ethics Hackers will hack into networks, stand-alone computers and software. Network hackers try to gain unauthorized access to private computer networks just for challenge, curiosity, and distribution of information. Crackers perform unauthorized intrusion with damage like stealing or changing of information or inserting malware (viruses or worms).

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2. Cyber Stalking - This crime involves use of internet to harass someone. The behavior includes false

accusations, threats etc. Normally, majority of cyber stalkers are men and the majority of victims are women.

3. Spamming - Spamming is sending of unsolicited bulk and commercial messages over the internet. Although irritating to most email users, it is not illegal unless it causes damage such as overloading network and disrupting service to subscribers or creates .negative impact on consumer attitudes towards Internet Service Provider.

4. Cyber Pornography - Women and children are victims of sexual exploitation through internet. Pedophiles use the internet to send photos of illegal child pornography to targeted children so as to attract children to such funs. Later they are sexually exploited for gains.

5. Phishing - It is a criminally fraudulent process of acquiring sensitive information such as username, passwords and credit card details by disguising as a trustworthy entity in an electronic communication.

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6. Software Piracy - It is an illegal reproduction and distribution of software for business or personal use. This is considered to be a type of infringement of copy right and a violation of a license agreement. Since the unauthorized user is not a party to the license agreement it is difficult to find out remedies.

7. Corporate Espionage - It means theft of trade secrets through illegal means such as wire taps or illegal intrusions.

8. Money Laundering - It means moving of illegally acquired cash through financial and other systems so that it appears to be legally acquired. eg. Transport cash to a country having less stringent banking regulations and move it back by way of loans the interest of which can rededucted from his taxes. This is possible prior to computer and internet technology, electronic transfers have made it easier and more successful.

9. Embezzlement - Unlawful misappropriation of money, property or any other thing of value that has been entrusted to the offender’s care, custody or control is called embezzlement. Internet facilities are misused to commit this crime.

10. Password Sniffers - Password sniffers are programmes that monitor and record the name and password of network users as they log in, jeopardizing security at a site. Whoever installs the sniffer can impersonate an authorized user and log in to access on restricted documents.

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11. Spoofing - It is the act of disguising one computer to electronically “look” like another computer, in order to gain access to a system that would be normally is restricted. Spoofing was used to access valuable information stored in a computer belonging to security expert Tsutomu Shimomura.

12. Credit Card Fraud - In U.S.A. half a billion dollars have been lost annually by consumers who have credit cards and calling card numbers. These are stolen from on-line databases.

13. Web Jacking - The term refers to forceful taking of control of a web site by cracking the password.

14. Cyber terrorism - The use of computer resources to intimidate or coerce government, the civilian population or any segment thereof in furtherance of political or social objectives is called cyber terrorism. Individuals and groups quite often try to exploit anonymous character of the internet to threaten governments and terrorize the citizens of the country.