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Religious use

In India and Nepal, cannabis has been used by some of the wandering Hindu spiritual sadhus for centuries, and in modern times the Rastafari movement has embraced it as a sacrament. Elders of the modern religious movement known as the Ethiopian Zion Coptic Church consider cannabis to be the Eucharist, claiming it as an oral tradition from Ethiopia dating back to the time of Christ, even though the movement was founded in the United States in 1975 and has no ties to either Ethiopia or the Coptic Church.

Like the Rastafari, some modern Gnostic Christian sects have asserted that cannabis is the Tree of Life. Other organized religions founded in the 20th century that treat cannabis as a sacrament are the THC Ministry, the Way of Infinite Harmony, Cantheism, the Cannabis Assembly and the Church of Cognizance.

Marijuana (cannabis)

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funny :P
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Hashish is a preparation of cannabis composed of the compressed trichomes collected from the cannabis plant. It contains the same active ingredients but in higher concentrations than other parts of the plant such as the buds or the leaves.

Psychoactive effects vary between types of hashish but are usually the same as those of other cannabis preparations such as marijuana. Hash is prohibited to the same extent as all other forms of cannabis.

Hashish is often a solid or paste-like substance of varying hardness and pliability, and will soften under heat. Its color can vary from green, black, reddish brown, or most commonly light to dark brown. In Afghanistan there is a method of making hash that resembles charas. First, cannabis resin is placed on a large heated mortar, then the resin is threshed with a heavy object. The result is a very gooey, sticky black hash.

It is consumed in much the same way as cannabis buds, used by itself in a billy with tobacco,or a miniature smoking pipes, vaporized, hot knifed, smoked in a bong or bubbler, or smoked in joints mixed with tobacco, cannabis buds or other herbs.

It can also be eaten alone (pure hash is described as having a spicy or peppery flavor) as well as used as an ingredient in food (baked into cookies or cakes, or added to stews and chocolate). Sale of hashish is illegal in most parts of the world; it has been decriminalized to some extent in a few countries, such as the Netherlands.

Hashish may have originated in Northern India which also has a very long social tradition in the production of Hashish which is locally known as Charas. Cannabis sativa subsp. indica cultivated particularly in Kerala, Rajasthan and the Himalayas in India - farms of Manali, Naggar and Upper Himachal Pradesh.

Hashish is traditionally produced in desert conditions. It is traditionally found in a belt extending from North Africa, Egypt to North India and into Central Asia. The primary hash-producing countries are Morocco, Afghanistan, Nepal, Lebanon, India and Egypt.

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The opium poppy was cultivated in lower Mesopotamia as long ago as 3400 BC. Heroin is produced for the black market by refining opium and the biggest producer being Afghanistan (87 % of the world's heroin). It is grown in Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos and Yunnan province in the People's Republic of China. Heroin was first synthesized in 1874 by C. R. Alder Wright, an English chemist working at St. Mary's Hospital Medical School in London, England.

Heroin is a semi-synthetic opioid,synthesized from morphine, a derivative of the opium poppy. It is the 3,6-diacetyl ester of morphine. The white crystalline form is commonly the hydrochloride saltdiacetylmorphine hydrochloride, however heroin freebase may also appear as a white powder. As with other opiates, heroin is used both as a pain-killer and a recreational drug. Frequent administration quickly leads to tolerance and dependence and has a very high potential for addiction.

If sustained use of heroin for as little as three days is stopped abruptly, withdrawal symptoms can appear. The withdrawal syndrome from heroin may begin within 6 to 24 hours of discontinuation of the drug; however, this time frame can fluctuate with the degree of tolerance as well as the amount of the last consumed dose.

One of the most common methods of heroin use is via intravenous injection (colloquially termed "shooting up"). When taken orally, heroin undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism via deacetylation, making it a prodrug for the systemic delivery of morphine.

Heroin is used as a recreational drug for the profound relaxation and intense euphoria it produces, although the latter effect diminishes with increased tolerance. Its popularity with recreational drug users, compared to morphine. Large doses of heroin can cause fatal respiratory depression, and the drug has been used for suicide or as a murder weapon.

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Legal warning : Heroin

It is illegal to manufacture, possess, or sell heroin in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, the United States, Australia, Canada, Ireland, United Kingdom and Swaziland. However, under the name diamorphine, heroin is a legal prescription drug in the United Kingdom. In the Netherlands, heroin is available for prescription as the generic drug diacetylmorphine to long-term heroin addicts. Popular street names for heroin include black tar, smack, junk, skag, horse, dope, chiva, "H", "Boy", and others.

In the United States, heroin is a schedule I drug according to the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, making it illegal to possess without a DEA license. Possession of more than 100 gram of heroin or a mixture containing heroin is punishable with a minimum mandatory sentence of 5 years of imprisonment in a federal prison.

Conviction for trafficking in heroin carries the death penalty in most South-east Asia and some East Asia and Middle Eastern countries, among which Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand are the most strict.

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Euthanasia refers to the practice of ending a life in a painless manner. As of 2008, some forms of euthanasia are legal in Belgium, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Switzerland, the U.S. state of Oregon, the Autonomous Community of Andalusia (Spain), and Thailand.Kerala, India is actively thinking about making Euthanasia legal.

History
The term euthanasia comes from the Greek words "eu"-meaning good and "thanatos"-meaning death, which combined means “well-death” or "dying well". Hippocrates mentions euthanasia in the Hippocratic Oath, which was written between 400 and 300 B.C. The original Oath states: “To please no one will I prescribe a deadly drug nor give advice which may cause his death.” Despite this, the ancient Greeks and Romans generally did not believe that life needed to be preserved at any cost and were, in consequence, tolerant of suicide in cases where no relief could be offered to the dying or, in the case of the Stoics and Epicureans, where a person no longer cared for his life.

English Common Law from the 1300s until the middle of the last century made suicide a criminal act in England and Wales. Assisting others to kill themselves remains illegal in that jurisdiction. However, in the 1500s, Thomas More, in describing a utopian community, envisaged such a community as one that would facilitate the death of those whose lives had become burdensome as a result of "torturing and lingering pain.

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Euthanasia by consent

Euthanasia may be conducted with consent (voluntary euthanasia) or without consent (involuntary euthanasia). Involuntary euthanasia is conducted where an individual makes a decision for another person incapable of doing so. The decision can be made based on what the incapacitated individual would have wanted, or it could be made on substituted judgment of what the decision maker would want were he or she in the incapacitated person's place, or finally, the decision could be made by assessing objectively whether euthanasia is the most beneficial course of treatment.

Euthanasia by means

Euthanasia may be conducted passively, non-actively, and actively. Passive euthanasia entails the withholding of common treatments (such as antibiotics, pain medications, or surgery) or the distribution of a medication (such as morphine) to relieve pain, knowing that it may also result in death . Passive euthanasia is the most accepted form, and it is a common practice in most hospitals. Non-active euthanasia entails the withdrawing of life support and is more controversial. Active euthanasia entails the use of lethal substances or forces to kill and is the most controversial means.

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Catholic teaching condemns euthanasia as a "crime against life". Although the Declaration allows people to decline heroic medical treatment when death is imminently inevitable, it unequivocably prohibits the hastening of death and restates Vatican II's condemnation of "crimes against life such as any type of murder, genocide, abortion, euthanasia, or willful suicide".

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An autopsy, also known as a post-mortem examination, necropsy (particularly as to animals), or obduction, is a medical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a corpse to determine the cause and manner of death and to evaluate any disease or injury that may be present. It is usually performed by a specialized medical doctor called a pathologist.

The Chinese were the first to practice the removal and examination of the internal organs of cows. The Egyptians were one of the first civilizations to practice the removal and examination of the internal organs of humans.

Autopsies are either performed for legal or medical purposes. A forensic autopsy is carried out when the cause of death may be a criminal matter, while a clinical or academic autopsy is performed to find the medical cause of death and is used in cases of unknown or uncertain death, or for research purposes.

Autopsies can be further classified into cases where external examination suffices, and those where the body is dissected and an internal examination is conducted. Permission from next of kin may be required for internal autopsy in some cases. Once an internal autopsy is complete the body is reconstituted by sewing it back together.

The prefix 'auto-' means 'self', and so autopsy means 'to see for oneself'; it is used more broadly of personal examination of an object, as well as its specific usage for the post-mortem examination of a human corpse.

Autopsy involves external and internal examination. After the internal examination, the body has an open and empty chest cavity with chest flaps open on both sides, the top of the skull is missing, and the skull flaps are pulled over the face and neck. The body will be stitched to keep the body shape.

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Length

1 mile = 1760 yards
1 mile = 8 furlong
1 furlong = 10 chains
1 chain = 4 rods
1 rod = 5 1/2 yards
1 yard = 3 feet
1 foot = 12 inches

Area

1 sq. mile = 640 acres
1 acre = 4840 sq. yard
1 sq. yard = 9 sq. feet
1 sq. foot = 144 sq. inches

Volume

1 gal. = 4 quarts
1 quart = 2 pints
1 pint = 4 gills
1 pint = 34.6774 inchs3
1 gill = 5 fl. oz.
1 fl. oz. = 8 fl. drachms
1 US gal = 0.8327 gal
1 US pint = 0.8327 pint
1 US pint = 16 fl. oz.
1 yard3 = 27 feet3
1 foot3 = 1728 inches3

Weight

1 ton = 20 cwt
1 ton = 2240 lb.
1 ton = 1.12 US ton
1 cwt = 4 quarters
1 quarter = 2 stone.
1 stone = 14 lb.
1 lb. = 16 oz.
1 oz. = 16 drams
1 oz. = 437.5 grains
1 US ton = 2000 lb.