Char Dham Yatra, Hemkund & VOF

[Perfection]

Char Dham Yatra - Yamunotri, Gangotri, Kedarnath and Badrinath. Hemkund is a Sikh Pilgrim centre on the Badrinath route and involves 21 km trek to 4329 m via Ghanjhira. Valley Of Flowers is 5 km from Ghanjhira. Yamunotri & Kedarnath involves 13 km trek (one way).

Major Hindu pilgrim centres in Uttarakhand, India in the Himalayas.



YAMUNOTRI

The first stopover for the Char Dham Yatra is the westernmost shrine of Yamunotri in the Garhwal Himalayas. Dedicated to Goddess Yamuna, it is perched atop a flank of the Bandar Poonchh peak (3165 m above sea level) and is situated opposite to Gangotri. The shrine attracts devotees in large numbers from May to October. Yamnotri to Gangotri : 120 km.

The Shrine of Yamunotri, source of river Yamuna is situated in the direction opposite to Gangotri and the road bifurcates and goes to Yamunotri from Dharasu, a place between Rishikesh-Uttarkashi. Yamunotri can also be visited via Mussoorie and Barkot. Situated at an elevation of 3235 m above sea-level, the shrine of Yamunotri is one of the ‘four dhams’ of Uttarakhand. The source of Yamuna lies about 1 km ahead at an altitude of about 4421 m. The approach is extremely difficult and pilgrims therefore offer pooja at the temple itself. There are hot springs close to the temple, a bath in them is very refreshing after a tedious 14 km trek from Hanumanchatti or 5 km from Janki Chatti.

General Information

Climate : Summer : Cool during the day and cold at night.
Winter : Snow-bound touching sub-zero.
Clothing Summer : Light woolens. Winter : Very heavy woolens.
Languages : Hindi, Garhwali, English

Altitude of Places Enroute (in meter) :

Rishikesh 340, Narendranagar 1,067, Chamba 1,524 , Tehri 770, Dharasu 1036, Bhramkhal 1158, Barkot 1828, Sayanachatti 1982, anumanchatti 2134, Phoolchatti 2561, Jankichatti 2676, Yamunotri 3235

Accommodation : Only Dharamshalas are available at Yamunotri. There is a Tourist Rest House at Janki Chatti.

Eating Out : Only local eating houses (dhabas) are available. Non-vegetarian food and alcoholic drinks are prohibited in Yamunotri.

SIGHTSEEING

Temple of Goddess Yamuna : The temple was built by Maharani Gularia of Jaipur in the 19th century. It was destroyed twice in the present century and rebuilt again. The temple remains closed from November to May. The trek to Yamunotri from Hanumanchatti is spectacular, dominated by a panorama of rugged peaks and dense forests.

Surya Kund (88 oC) : There are a number of thermal springs in the vicinity of the temple which flow into numerous pools. The most important of these is Surya Kund. Devotees prepare rice and potatoes to offer at the shrine, by dipping them in these hot water springs, tied in muslin cloth.

Divya Shila : A rock pillar, worshiped before entering the Yamunotri temple.

[Perfection]

GANGOTRI : temple, access from Dehradun by bus, Open May to October. Mussoorie to Lanka (112 km). Trek to Bhajbasa from Gangotri(3800 m, 12 km) via Chibasa, to Gaumukh (3970 m, 12 km) and back. Gangotri, the origin of the sacred river Ganges, attracts tourists in large numbers every year.

The summers are relatively cool and winters are freezing cold ( Snow-bound), with rains in the months of May and June.

Legend

According to an old legend, Lord Shiva rewarded King Bhagirath after his penance and Ganga came down to earth. However, due to her pride, and the fact that the earth would be devastated if Ganga came down in her full force, Lord Shiva caught her in his locks. It was then proclaimed that Goddess Uma or Parvati, Shiva's consort, would bathe in the Ganges daily and only then would she descend on the earth. The sacred stone near the temple denotes the place where Ganga first came down to earth. This is why Ganga is also called by the name of Bhagirathi.

The natural rock Shivling, submerged in the river, is an amazing sight reinforcing the power of the divine. According to mythology, Lord Shiva sat at this spot to receive the Ganaga in his matted locks. The shivling is visible in the early winters when the water level goes down. The picturesque pilgrimage in the hinterlands of the Himalayas is the most sacred spot where Ganga, the stream of life, touched earth for the first time.

Mythological Mystery

According to mythology, Goddess Ganga - the daughter of heaven, manifested herself in the form of a river to absolve the sins of King Bhagirath's predecessors, following his severe penance of several centuries. Lord Shiva received into his matted locks to minimise the immense impact of her fall. She came to be called Bhagirathi at her legendary source.

A long the right bank of Bhagirathi stands the shrine of Gangotri dedicated to the Goddess. Perched at a height of 3042 m, it was constructed in the early 18th century by a Gorkha Commander, Amar Singh Thapa. Every year, lakhs of pilgrims throng the sacred temple between May and October. By November, Gangotri is covered by snow. It is believed that the Goddess retreats to Mukhba, her winter abode.

The 18th century's temple dedicated to Goddess Ganga is located near a sacred stone where King Bhagirath worshipped Lord Shiva. Ganga is believed to have touched earth at this spot. According to another legend, Pandavas performed the great 'Deva Yagna' here to atone the deaths of their kinsmen in the epic battle of Mahabharata. The temple is an exquisite 20 ft. high structure made of white granite.

Excursion

Nandanvan Tapovan : An arduous trek along the Gangotri Glacier leads to scenic Nandanvan - the base camp for the Bhagirathi peaks, that offers a panoramic view of the surrounding Shivling peak. A trek across the snout of the Gangotri Glacier leads to Tapovan known for its beautiful meadows that encircle the base of the Shivling Peak.

Uttarkashi (99 km) : An important pilgrimage centre, situated at an elevation of 1,150 m above sea level on the bank of river Bhagirathi. Some of the important temples worth visiting are - Vishwanath temple, Ekadash Rudra temple, Gyaneshwar temple and Kuteti Devi temple. Nearby is the Nehru Institute of Mountaineering. Every year, during the 'Magh Mela' people visit Uttarkashi to take a holy dip in Bhagirathi along with the image of their village deity.

Kedar Tal (18 km) : An enhancing lake, 4425 m above sea level against the splendid backdrop of mighty Thalaiyasagar peak. Accessible through a rough mountain trail, it is the base camp for trekking to surrounding peaks. The trek to Kedartal needs a local guide.

Gaumukh (18 km) : The snout of the Gangotri Glacier and the source of the Bhagirathi river. Pilgrims trek upto the sacred spot on foot or on ponies to take a holy dip in the ice-cold water.

Dayara Bugyal (93 km) : A breathtakingly beautiful meadow, situated at a height of 3048 m above sea level. A motorable road connects Bhatwari (27 km from Uttarkashi) with Raithal village, from where follows a 6 km long trek to Dayara. The famous Sheshnag temple enroute is an attraction of the trek. From Dayara, one can also trek down to Dodi Tal (30 km). During winters, Dayara provides excellent ski slopes over an area of 28 sq.km.

Nachiketa Tal (131 km) : A pleasant trek through lush green forests leads to this peaceful retreat. A small temple along the lake and lovely surroundings are an attraction.

Tehri (173 km) : Lying at the confluence of Bhagirathi and Bhilangna rivers is the former capital of Tehri Garhwal principality. It is the site of a giant hydel project.

Narendranagar (239 km) : The new capital of erstwhile Tehri state, offers a magnificent view of the Ganga valley of Rishikesh and the plains of Haridwar.

[Perfection]

Kedarnath (3584 m) is a Hindu holy town located in the Rudraprayag district of the Indian state of Uttarakhand. Kedarnath is also one of the twelve Jyotirlingas of Lord Shiva. Gaurikund to Kedarnath trek takes 7 hour (14 km). By hiring a pony, one can complete the Yatra in a day (Rs 300). As of 2011 census, Kedarnath had a population of 900.

Kedarnath is accessible only after a steep 14 km trek through a paved path (horses or palanquins are available for rent) from Gaurikund, which is connected by road from Rishikesh. The temple is open only during the months of April / May (on Akshaya Trithiya) to October/November (closes on Diwali - festival of light), due to heavy snowfall and extreme cold weather during winter. In a scenic spot at the origin of the river Mandakini, the shrine of Kedarnath is most venerated amongst the Hindu pilgrims.

Legend in the Mahabharata : Pandavas on their Himalayan pilgrimage, decided to pay homage to Lord Shiva. But Lord Shiva was not interested in meeting them as they were guilty of gotra hatya (killing their brethren). Seeing the Pandavas coming, the Lord disguised himself as a bull. But the Pandavas saw through Shiva's disguise. Realising that his disguise had not worked the bull tried to plunge himself beneath the ground. But Bhima was swift and held on the hind legs of the bull, thus preventing it from vanishing. In the struggle that ensued different parts of Lord Shiva's body appeared at various places in Kedarkhand. The forehead showed up at Pashupatinath in Kathmandu, the hump of the bull at Kedarnath, the torso including the navel at Madhmaheshwar, the arms at Tungnath, the face at Rudranath, and the matted hair at Kalpeshwar. The Panch Kedar trek includes all the five shrines associated with the legend. All of them are situated in the Kedar Valley.

There are places en route like Janglechatti, Rambara and Garurchatti where you can rest a while or spend the night if the travel becomes too tiring, or if you wish to take it a bit slower. Just one kilometer before Rambara is a high and beautiful cascading waterfall which crashes down the heights.

View of Kedarnath as one approaches Garurchatti, the magnificent. Sri Kedarnath temple is visible on advancing some 500 meters. With the background of towering white mountains mantled with snow, the temple presents an enchanting sight. All around it is an aura of peace and purity. Here, the unholy are said to become holy and the holy, holier still.

The temple is magnificent in its style and architecture. It is built on a morainic ridge jutting out at right angles from the snowy range. The present temple, built in 8th century by Adi Shankaracharya, stands adjacent to the site of an earlier temple built by the Pandavas. The inner walls of the assembly hall are decorated with figure of various deities and scenes from mythology.

Outside the temple door a large statue of the Nandi Bull stands as guard. Built of extremely large, heavy and evenly cut grey slabs of stones, it evokes wonder as to how these heavy slabs had been handled in the earlier days. The temple has a Kedarnath Temple Garbha Griha for worship and a Mandap, apt for assemblies of pilgrims and visitors. A conical rock formation inside the temple is worshipped as Lord Shiva in his Sadashiva form.

The place remained close from November to April due to heavy snowfall and the temple is submerged under the snow. Besides its affiliation with Shiva, Kedarnath is also believed to be the site of Shankaracharya's samadhi. The actual temple is an impressive stone edifice of unknown date.

The temple of Kedarnath stands on a large raised platform, rectangular in shape, with tall snow clad mountains guarding Kedarnath from three sides. There are two flights of stairs. The one in front has a rectangular archway with bells of various sizes and shapes. When they are rung in unison during the arati, the sound of the bells and the blowing conches are echoed by the surrounding mountains creating a rare moment of devotional ardour. The numerous halogen lamps light up the premises in the evening, giving it an ethereal look.

Lord Shiva manifested in the form of Jyotirlingam or the cosmic light. This temple, over a thousand years old is built of massive stone slabs over a large rectangular platform. Ascending through the large gray steps leading to the holy sanctums we find inscriptions in Pali on the steps. The inner walls of the temple sanctum are adorned with figures of various deities and scenes from mythology.

Immediately behind the temple, is the high Keadardome peak, which can be sighted from great distances. The sight of the temple and the peak with its perpetual snows is simply enthralling.

Temple Rituals : The temple opens daily at 4 am and closes at 1 pm. In between the bhog puja, abhishek puja and other pujas of Lord Kedarnath are performed. Then again the temple opens at 4 pm and closes at 9 pm, after the Aarti.

No specific family of pujaris supervises rituals at Kedarnath, which focus around veneration of the stone lingam that rests in the inner sanctum of the temple.

[Perfection]

Badrinath temple (3133 m), sometimes called Badrinarayan temple, is situated along the Alaknanda river, in the hill town of Badrinath in Uttarakhand. It is widely considered to be one of the holiest Hindu temples, and is dedicated to Lord Vishnu. The temple and town are one of the four Char Dham pilgrimage sites. It is also one of the 108 Divya Desams, holy shrines for Vaishnavites. The temple is open only six months every year (between the end of April and the beginning of November), due to extreme weather conditions in the Himalayan region.

Several murtis are worshiped in the temple. The most important is a one meter tall statue of Vishnu as Lord Badrinarayan, made of black Saligram stone. The statue is considered by many Hindus to be one of eight swayam vyakta keshtras, or self-manifested statues of Vishnu. The murti depicts Vishnu sitting in meditative posture, rather than His far more typical reclining pose. In November each year, when the town of Badrinath is closed, the image is moved to nearby Jyotirmath.

Temple Architecture

The temple is approximately 15 metre tall with a small cupola on top, covered with a gold gilt roof. The facade is built of stone, with arched windows. A broad stairway leads up to a tall arched gateway, which is the main entrance. The architecture resembles a Buddhist vihara (temple), with the brightly painted facade also more typical of Buddhist temples. Just
inside is the mandapa, a large pillared hall that leads to the garbha grha, or main shrine area. The walls and pillars of the mandapa are covered with intricate carvings.

The main shrine area houses the black stone image of Lord Badrinarayan, sitting under a gold canopy, under a Badri Tree. There are fifteen more murtis around the temple that are also worshiped. These include murtis of Nara & Narayana, Narasimha (the fourth incarnation of Vishnu), Lakshmi, Narada, Ganesha, Uddhava, Kubera, Garuda (the vehicle of Lord Narayan), and Navadurga.

The Tapt Kund hot sulphur springsjust below the temple are considered to be medicinal - many pilgrims consider it a requirement to bathe in the springs before visiting the temple. The springs have a year round temperature of 45°C.

History

Adi Shankara discovered the image of Badrinarayan in the Alaknanda River and enshrined it in a cave near the Tapt Kund. In the sixteenth century, the king of Garhwal moved the murti to the present temple. The temple has undergone several major renovations, due to age and damage by avalanche. In the 17th century, the temple was expanded by the kings of Garhwal. After significant damage in the great 1803 Himalayan earthquake, it was rebuilt by the King of Jaipur.

Legend

One legend explains the reason that Vishnu is shown sitting in padmasana, rather than reclining. According to the story, Vishnu was chastised by a sage who saw Vishnu's consort Lakshmi massaging his feet. Vishnu went to Badrinath to perform austerity, meditating for a long time in padmasana. To this day, the area around Badrinath attracts yogis who come for meditation and seclusion.

Another legend says that Shiva and Parvati were doing tapas in Badrinath. Vishnu came in disguise as a small boy, crying loudly and disturbing them. Parvati asked the reason for his crying and he replied that he wanted Badrinath for meditation. Shiva and Parvati found that it was Lord Narayan in disguise. They then left Badrinath and moved to Kedarnath.

According to the the Srimad Bhagavatam, "There in Badrikashram the Personality of Godhead (Vishnu), in his incarnation as the sages Nara and Narayana, had been undergoing great penance since time immemorial for the welfare of all living entities.

The Skanda Purana states that “There are several sacred shrines in heaven, on earth, and in hell but there is no shrine like Badrinath.” The area around Badrinath was also celebrated in Padma Purana as abounding in spiritual treasures.

Panch Badri

The Badrinath temple is one of five related shrines called Panch Badri that are dedicated to worship of Lord Vishnu.

* Vishal Badri : Badrinath temple in Badrinath.
* Yogadhyan Badri : located at Pandukeshwar. It also has an image of Badrinath in meditative posture. Legend has it that

king Pandu installed a statue here named Yogadhyan Badri.
* Bhavishya Badri : 17 km from Joshimath at Subain. Legend says that when evil is on the rise in the world, Badrinath will

become inaccessible and Lord Badrinath will appear at the Bhavishya Badri temple. Thus it is the future, or Bhavishya Badri.
* Vridh Badri : 7 km from Joshimath in Animath. Vridh Badri means 'Old Badri.' Legend says this is where the Badrinath

image was originally worshipped, before being enshrined at the current Badrinath.
* Adi Badri : 17 km from Karnaprayag. A temple complex consisting of sixteen small temples with intricate carvings houses a three foot black stone statue of Lord Vishnu.

Throughout the route to Badrinath there are numerous pilgrimage sites at Deo Prayag, Rudraprayag, Karnaprayag, Nandprayag and Vishnuprayag; as well as Pandukeswar where king Pandu observed Tapasya with his queen Madri and where his sons Pandavas, stayed during their pilgrimage to heaven, and the site where Bhima and Hanuman (sons of Vayu) met.

At Badrinath Lord MahaVishnu is believed to have done his penance. Seeing the Lord doing his penance in the open, Goddess Mahalaxmi is believed to have assumed the form of Badari tree to provide him shelter to face the onslaught of the adverse weather conditions, therefore the name Badari Narayan. It is believed that Lord Vishnu revealed to Narad rishi that Nar & Naryans forms were his own. It is also believed that Narad rishi, who also did his penance here, is even now worshipping the supreme God with Ashtakshara mantras.

At Badrinath one can witness one of the greatest wonders of nature in the hot water springs of Taptkund on the banks of ice chilled river Alaknanda. The temperature of the water in the kund is 55 degree centigrade whereas the normal temperature in this region for most part of the year remains at 9-10 degree centigrade to sub-zero levels. Before visiting the temple the
pilgrims take a holy bath in the Taptkund.

The temple's present structure was built by the Kings of Garhwal. The Temple has three sections - Garbhagriha (Sanctum), the Darshan Mandap, and Sabha Mandap. The Garbhagriha (Sanctum) houses Lord Badari Narayan, Kuber (God of wealth), Narad rishi, Udhava, Nar & Narayan.

Lord Badri Narayan (also called as Badri Vishal) is armed with Shankh (Conch) and Chakra in two arms in a lifted posture and two arms rested on the lap in Yogamudra. Guru-Shisya parampara is supposed to have its roots here. The kapats of Shri Badrinath temple has been opened on [b]1st May 2007 at 4:00 am[b].

Temple Rituals : Every day the temple opens at 4:00 am and closes at 12:00 Noon. In between the bhog puja, abhishek puja and other pujas of Lord Badrinarayan are performed. Then again the temple open at 3:00 pm and closed at 9:00 pm, after the Aarti of Lord Badrinarayan is peformed.

Although Badrinath is located in the far north of India, the head priest (Rawal) is traditionally from the far south of India, in Kerala. This tradition was begun by Adi Shankara. The Rawal is assisted by Dimripundits belonging to village Dimmer of Garhwal. Hard sugar candy, Pongal, Tulsi, and dry fruits are the prasad offered at Badrinath temple.

[Perfection]

HEMKUND (4329 m) : Govindghat (1828 m, 18 km after Joshimath on Badarinath road) to Ghanjhira (3048 m, 15 km, 7 h, Gurudwara/Rest house) by trek. Trek 6 km to Hemkund. The high altitude Lokpal lake, known as Hemkund lies in heavenly environs. It is an important pilgrimage for both Hindus and Sikhs. There is a Sikh Gurudwara and a Lakshman temple built on the bank of the lake. Govind ghat is 270 km from Rishikesh.

As alluded to, in the holy Granth Sahib, Guru Govind Singh, the tenth Guru of the Sikh faith had meditated on the bank of this lake in one of his earlier births. On 15th April 1699, he started the new brotherhood called the Khalsa (meaning the pure, from the Persian word 'Khales') an inner core of the faithful, accepted by baptism (amrit).

The five K's' date from this period : kesh (uncut hair) kangha (comb), kirpan (dagger or short sword), kara (steel bangle), and kachh (boxer shorts). The most important is the uncut hair, adopted before the other four. The comb is sometimes designated specially as wooden. The dagger and the shorts reflect military influence, while the bangle may be a from of charm.

It is believed that Lakshman, the younger brother of Ram, meditated by the lake and regained his health after being severely wounded by Meghnath, son of the demon Ravana, during battle.

Despite its ancient connections, Hemkund/Lokpal was discovered by a Sikh Havaldar, Solan Singh and became a major pilgrimage centre only after 1930.



Encircled by seven snow clad peaks and their associated glaciers, it reflects its surroundings enchantingly on its crystal clear serene waters. The glaciers from Hathi Parvat and Saptrishi peaks feed the lake and a small stream called Himganga flows out of this lake.

[Perfection]

VALLEY OF FLOWERS (3658 to 3962 m) - A world heritage centre and the only flower national park in India with variety of flowers. Season - July to August. Govind ghat (1828 m, 18 km after Joshimath on Badarinath road) to Ghanjhira (3048 m, 15 km, 7 h, Gurudwara/Rest house) by trek. Trek 5 km to Valley of flowers. Take permit from Govind ghat. Rishikesh (293 km).

High in the Himalayan ranges of Garhwal hills of Uttarakhand lies an enchanted valley. Here flowerful pastures with clear running streams are set against silver birches and shining snow peaks. One can see flowers, birds sing in the surrounding forest and the air is pure and charged with floral smells. Hidden from the probing eyes of civilisation, this valley had been known to the inhabitants as the Bhyundar valley, the playground of fairies and nymphs.

Trespassing their celestial abode was avoided although shepherds did take the liberty to graze their cattle here. Legends associate this valley with the area from where Hanumanji of Ramayana collected. 'Sanjeevani' herbs to revive Lakshmana, the younger brother of Ram. Hanuman had to visit far-flung areas in his search for the life-saving herbs, some named after him".

Explorers :
The valley was introduced to the world as the Valley of Flowers by Frank S Smith - mountaineer, explorer, botanist who camped here for several weeks in the monsoon of 1937 and did valuable exploratory work. He authored a book called "The Valley of Flowers" which unveiled the beauty and floral splendours of the valley and thus threw open the doors of this verdant jewel to nature-enthusiasts all over the world.

In 1939, Miss Margarate Legge, a botanist deputed by the botanical gardens of Edinburgh arrived at the valley for further studies. While she was traversing some rocky slopes to collect flowers, she slipped off and was lost for ever in the garden of the gods. Her sister later visited the valley and erected a memorial on the spot where she was buried by the locals. The thoughtful memorial is still there and the lines inscribed on the marble slab read : "I will lift mine eyes unto the hills from whence cometh my strength".

Trek Route :
The trek towards the valley begins at Govind Ghat, after crossing the Alaknanda river on a hanging bridge. The zig-zag mule track straightens through an ascending valley of terraced fields and vegetation. In the midst, Laxman Ganga tumbles down in a haste to join the Alaknanda. 3 km further is the small, pretty hamlet, Pulna. Beyond this, the trek becomes more exciting - the Laxman Ganga becomes swifter,and between the green, rocky mountains, you can catch a glimpse of snow-clad peaks.

The 7 km trail from Pulna to Bhyundar village is full of nature's scenic splendours including cascading waterfalls and cold water springs. Shrubs and wild roses grow abundantly and Rhododendrons colour the area with pink and dark red. Small wayside tea stalls run all across the route and young and enthusiastic tourist guides can be engaged at Bhyundar village. After resting awhile here, the trek on the right bank of the Laxman Ganga continues through the rich vegetation till a log bridge, supported on huge boulders, is reached. Crossing over to the left bank now, the trail becomes steeper and harder and 2 kmfrom here, you will reach Ghanghria, the base camp for treks to Valley of Flowers and Hemkund Sahib.

Since camping and overnight stay is not allowed in the Valley of Flowers, Ghanghria is the logical base camp for the trek. Travel beyond Ghanghria is on foot at nature's pace since the entry of ponies is prohibited. The trek is subject to strict ecological discipline and the trekker is expected to be concerned about the ecosystern of the region.

After crossing a log bridge over the Laxman Ganga, 3 km from Ghanghria, the route of the Valley of Flowers separates from that going to Hernkund Sahib.The Laxman Ganga joins the Pushpawati river 400 m downstream.

The trek continues along Pushpawati. A couple of kilometres ahead, the river is crossed over to its right bank by another bridge and this trail goes upto the Valley of Flowers. Snow bridges can be seen spanning the river but their strength should be properly judged if they are to be used to cross the river.

The Valley of Flowers is flanked on either side by majestic peaks, many capped with snow. The Pushpawati river, emerging from the glacial deposits around Rataban and Nilgiri ranges, cuts through the Valley and divides it into two sectors. The major portion of the Valley is on its right bank and is a paradise for trekkers.

Many streams flowing from glacial deposits in and around the Valley irrigate it and merge finally into the Pushpawati river.While exploring the Valley, the smaller streams can be easily crossed by wading across but the larger ones need to be crossed on log bridges. In case those have not been put up in time, thick glacial bridges across the streams also serve the purpose.

There are no side tracks for viewing colonies of flowers away from the main track so you can either try to wade through knee-deep flowers and foliage, crushing some on the way or stay on the single track running through the length of the valley without seeing the best. You may however stand on a raised vantage point to get a better view of flowers all around. Within the main Valley; there are many smaller valleys carved out by streams of melting glaciers. On the banks of these Valleys, you can encounter the most exciting pattern of flowers. One such Valley exists along the Donagair Garh, the last of many streams.

On its banks flower some of the most magnificent plants. Every moist place holds its quota of glorious flowers which grace the still air with their subtle fragrance.

On the left bank of the Pushpawati, are several chunks of flat land. One of them is called Nag Tal, literally the place of the venomous serpent - the Nag. It is believed to be infested with poisonous flowers. These flowers are bound to cause harm when plucked, crushed or smelt. Therefore it is advised that visitors should not pluck flowers.

Flora and Fauna (Botanic listing of flowers)

The Valley of Flowers is an alpine valley, and has been formed by the retreating glaciers whose periodic advances and retreat pulverised hard rocks, resulting in a smooth U-shaped valley which was later colonised by numerous plants adopting themselves to the harsh climatic conditions prevailing there.

The Valley remains snow covered from November to May but when the ice envelope thaws on June it is a signal for profusion of colours hidden in petals of alpine during July and August. Some important flowering plants having tremendous medicinal values are: Anemone, Geranium, Marsh, Marigold, Primula, Potentilla, Geum, Aster. Lilium, Himalayan blue poppy, Aconite, Delphinium, Ranunculus, Corydalis, Inula, Saussurea abvallata, Campanula. Pedicularis, Trysimum, Morina, Impetiens, Bistorta. Ligularia. Anaphalis Saxifraga, Lobelia, Thermophis, Trolises, Aquilogia, Codonopsis, Dactylorhiza, Cypripedium, Straw berries, Rhododendron etc.

Apart from the flowering plants, wild animals like Himalayan birds, pigeons, butterflies, Tendula, Musk deer, Bharal (Mountain goat), Himalayan bear, tail less rat etc. are enchancing the beauty. The Valley of Flowers is an irresitible treat for naturalists, ecologists, environmentalists, zoologists, ornithologists, trekkers, tourists and pilgrims.

The spring avalanches pouring down the slopes provide appropriate moisture for flowers. The moist turf begins to pulsate with life and from the dead herbage of the previous summer, innumerable shoots of countless plants rise expectantly as though in anticipation of the warm life-giving breath of the approaching monsoon.

Primulas cover up shelves and terraces in colour of the most heavenly French blue. Their soft petals covered with dew, like galaxies of pearls, emanate sweetest of scents. In the lush meadows drifts of snow-white Anemones drench the ground. Anaphalles and Potentillas start establishing their colonies, with the arrival of rains in June, Balsam, Geranium, Pedicularis and many other species, mostly in pink and red set the dominating colour pattern of the Valley without subduing other seasonal shades of yellow, purple and white.

From late July to the end of August, the Valley begins to take on celestial dimensions. The riot of colours is awe-inspiring. The Pedicularis, Grandiflora, Ligularia and many other yellow varieties dominate, with patterns of other colour blending in. The flowers sway to the rhythm of the monsoon breeze as it ripples across the slopes and the atmosphere is filled with an indescribable scent of plant life.

By September, the plants start podding and the Valley dons tranquil shades of brown. But visitors during September and October get to witness the Valley in a crystal clean atmosphere-the mountain ranges shining like polished steel in the sunlight, rainwashed rocks with gurgling streams and sun-kissed meadows about to be covered soon with a spotless white sheet of snow.

It is often said that the root stock of almost all high altitude alpine flowers lies in and around the Valley of Flowers. The oak trees, blue pine and other conifers between Ghanghria and the bridge on Pushpawati are sometimes laden with ferns and tendrils hanging from their branches, The forests on the higher formations are full of birch trees, popularly known as
bhojpatra whose bark was supposedly used to write scriptures in ancient times.

Although the main land of the Valley is about 4 km from Ghanghria, flowers and foliage in exotic varieties can be spotted throughout the route. Immediately after crossing the Laxman Ganga, colonies of blue Hackelia uncinata, commonly known as 'forget me not' can be seen in the midst of shrubs and foliage along the roadride. Primulas, Morinas, wild roses and many other species are quite abundant.

On reaching the banks of Pushpawati, a rich formation of blue poppies, sun flowers, Ligularia and pink Andsosace can be seen between the rocky stretches near the bridge abetment. After crossing the rivers, to its right bank, you can see various flowers in small pockets dotting the entire distance. Pedicularis in pink and yellow, Phlomis in purple and Potentilla in all shades can be seen. Further on, towards the approach of the main Valley, are gorgeous varieties of wild roses, Rhododendron, Geranium and the killer plant Polygonum which is at present off-setting the floral composition of the valley. A large variety of ferns like Epiphytic, maidenhair and oak fern can be seen.

The Valley is rich in herbal plants, many of these being flowering plants - Bergenia, wood lily, Trillium govanianum and marsh orchid are the popular ones. At several places, the abundant growth of flowering and non-flowering plants gives the Valley the look of a thick carpet with splashes of colour.

A forbiddingly beautiful plant is the Arisaema costatum popularly known as Arum. Its head resembling that of a cobra, the plant grows in shady recesses, often in isolated family groups.

Anemones, whitedwarf rhododendrons, Primulas and Anaphallis give a white background to the Valley which is accentuated with the varying colours of other flowers. The violet Iris kumaonesis, the superb Primula denticuleata in purple and Potentillas in red, yellow and pink can be seen in colonies.

Along the riverside there are small patches of land between scattered boulders, which have become the natural habitat for a majestic flower - the blue poppy. Known as Meconopsis aculeata to botanists, it is a solitary flower and has the colour of the sky at dawn. Like most poppies, it is open and wide, droops slightly, has a centre of golden stamens, and is so fragile that its petals are detached merely by brushing against them. It protects itself with sharp spines arranged on the stem and buds. An unobstrusive flower with unsurpassable delicacy and grace is the Fritillaria roylei.

As the green bells on the springy stem nod and dip vivaciously.in the monsoon wind, you may be tempted to strain your ears to hear their tinkling. The Corydalis cashemiriana, with narrow pipe-like stems and flowers tipped in dark blue grow in colonies of thousands. A plant which is one of the rarest and the most beautiful of its family-the lily-like Nomocharis oxypetala reveals in the sun on well-warmed, well drained meadows and slopes of the Valley. The rose-coloured Cypripedium himalaicum has earned the popular title of lady's slipper' and there are so many of these flowers that they imbibe the slopes with a rosy glow.

The pinkish glow of the Valley can be attributed to the large colonies of Androsace, Marsh orchid, Geranium, Pediculsris and the carpetting Thymus, all in near pink. Splashes of golden lily and creamy bell-shaped Codonopsis are also seen. The pink Pedicularis gives way to its yellow cousin-the mainstay of the August bloom. Yellow flowers bedeck the Valley as July proceeds - Pedicularis, Grandiflora, Ligularia, Saxifraga and Potentillas. The Potentillas are the first to appear and last to disappear in the Valley.

The king of the Himalayan flowers is Saussurea obvallata, popularly known as Brahma Kamal. It is a graceful creamish flower with brown and red stamens in the centre. The petals are loosely open, like those of a lotus. A fully developed flower is six to eight inches tall. This flower is found on the higher slopes of the valley which are not easily accessible. It can be found at heights above 3,800 m all over the Central Himalayas.

[Perfection]

Kedarnath Shrine opens for pilgrims from 28th April 2012. The shrine was under snow for the last 6 months. The tomb of 8th century Hindu philosopher Adi Shankaracharya is located just behind the Kedarnath temple. Char Dham shrines expects 50 lakh pilgrims during this 6 month long 2012 pilgrim season.

There are early morning buses from Rishikesh yatra stand. From the road head Gaurikund, one has to trek 14 km to the Kedarnath shrine at the base of glacier. Hot springs are at Gaurikund. Basic accommodation is available at Gaurikund and Kedarnath.

[Perfection]

Purple Emperor



Red Admiral



Nymphalidae



During Janmashtami (Sept), women from Niti (5038 m, 86 km from Joshimath via Malari) takes an arduous trek over the Lakshman pass to the Valley of flowers and reach Lokpal via Bhyunder for a holy bath.

[Perfection]

The flowering season at the Valley of Flowers National Park (UNESCO World Heritage Site) is from Mid July to August. It is monsoon season and a traveller has to face a number of road blocks due to landslides.

There is adventure and excitement in every step on the route. Don't be in a hurry. Honey mixed with water is the quickest remedy for exhaust and fatigue. Lemon tea, pickles are also good for altitude.

Satyrid
Tortoise Shell Butterfly



Cabbage white

[Perfection]

Flower valley of Uttrakhand

1. Chirbas & Bhojbas : 12 km trek from Gangotri
2. Harsil & Sikhi : Sunflower, Cosmos and Calendula
3. Arwa nullah near Kalindi Khal (Badrinath - Gangotri trek)
4. Satyabha lake above Badrinath
5. Kagbhusandi lake near Bhyunder (Valley of flowers, near Govindghat)
6. Gaurikund to Kedarnath (14 km)
7. Vasuki tal : 5 km trek from Kedarnath
8. Munisiyari to Lilam : 11 km trek {Nainital - Almora - Bageshwar. Munsiyari is 135 km away}
9. Baghudyar and Martoli (30 km trek from Lilam on the Milam glacier route)
10. Bhatwari to Triyuginarayan (12 km from Sonprayag by road/ 5 km trek via thick forest route)

Valley of Flowers national Park